72 posts tagged with "python"

Creating a QR code generator in Python is remarkably straightforward, thanks to robust, community-maintained libraries. The most popular and simplest choice is the qrcode library. This article will focus on using this library to generate, customize, and save QR codes with minimal code.

Since there are multiple excellent libraries available for QR code generation in Python, I propose we focus this article on the simple and popular qrcode library, and then follow up with another article on the modern, standard-compliant segno library for advanced use cases (MicroQR codes, superior vector output, etc.).

Creating a private Python library on GitHub and using it in your projects is a great way to manage internal code, share reusable components across teams, and protect proprietary intellectual property. This process involves setting up a private repository, configuring your local environment for authentication, and then installing the library using a dependency manager like pip or poetry [1].

The final act of mastering testing isn't just knowing how to mock, but understanding when to mock. Over-mocking can lead to brittle tests that provide a false sense of security, while a lack of mocks can make your test suite slow and unreliable. This article will conclude our series by clarifying the different types of test doubles and providing a robust framework for when to use each one, including when a real dependency is the better choice.

Mocking becomes particularly valuable when testing code that interacts with complex frameworks and libraries. While the core concepts of unittest.mock remain the same, the specific objects and functions you need to patch can vary. This article will provide practical, in-depth examples of how to apply mocking to three common Python ecosystems: web frameworks (Django/Flask), asynchronous programming (asyncio), and data science (pandas).

side_effect and spec are powerful but often underutilized features of Python's unittest.mock library. Mastering them is key to writing tests that are both robust and expressive. This article will dive deep into these advanced concepts, showing you how to simulate complex scenarios and prevent common mocking pitfalls.

Patching a class's __init__ method is a common and powerful technique for unit testing code that relies on objects whose initialization performs unwanted side effects. These side effects can include making API calls, connecting to a database, or performing other time-consuming or stateful operations [1]. By mocking __init__, you can prevent these actions and verify that the class was instantiated correctly.

Mocking time and dates is a common and often essential practice when writing tests for time-dependent logic. If your code's behavior changes based on the current time (e.g., a function that checks for a subscription's expiration, a daily report generator, or a cache invalidation rule), relying on the system's clock will lead to unreliable and non-repeatable tests.

You need a way to "freeze" time or fast-forward it to a specific point so your tests run in a controlled, predictable environment. Python's unittest.mock.patch is the perfect tool for this, allowing you to replace datetime.now() with a mock that returns a fixed value.

Writing tests that are effective and maintainable is an art. While mocking is a powerful tool, it's not a silver bullet and can be misused. This final article of the mocking series will cover the best practices and common pitfalls of mocking in Python, ensuring your tests are robust, readable, and provide a high degree of confidence in your code.

Mocking entire classes and objects is a crucial skill for unit testing complex code. When a function instantiates a class or calls methods on a passed-in object, you need a way to control that object's behavior without executing its real logic. This article will cover advanced mocking techniques, focusing on how to mock classes and instance methods using both the standard unittest.mock library and the more convenient pytest-mock plugin. We will also clarify key distinctions between different types of test doubles.

External dependencies are a major source of pain in unit testing. They can be slow, unreliable, and difficult to control. Mocking these external services is the single most common and valuable use of the unittest.mock library [1]. This article will provide practical, hands-on examples for mocking three of the most frequent external dependencies: HTTP requests, database connections, and file system operations.